{"id":133,"date":"2018-05-06T08:08:08","date_gmt":"2018-05-06T08:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/?p=133"},"modified":"2018-05-06T08:08:08","modified_gmt":"2018-05-06T08:08:08","slug":"potentiometer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/potentiometer\/","title":{"rendered":"potentiometer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A\u00a0<strong>potentiometer<\/strong>\u00a0is a three-<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminal_(electronics)\">terminal<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resistor\">resistor<\/a>\u00a0with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltage_divider\">voltage divider<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a\u00a0<strong><em>variable resistor<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#Rheostat\"><strong><em>rheostat<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The measuring instrument called a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer_(measuring_instrument)\">potentiometer<\/a>\u00a0is essentially a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltage_divider\">voltage divider<\/a>\u00a0used for measuring\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electric_potential\">electric potential<\/a>\u00a0(voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.<\/p>\n<p>Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transducer\">transducers<\/a>, for example, in a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joystick\">joystick<\/a>. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watt\">watt<\/a>), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Nomenclature\" class=\"mw-headline\">Nomenclature<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are a number of terms in the electronics industry used to describe certain types of potentiometers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>slide pot<\/b> or <b>slider pot<\/b>: a potentiometer that is adjusted by sliding the wiper left or right (or up and down, depending on the installation), usually with a finger or thumb<\/li>\n<li><b>thumb pot<\/b> or <b>thumbwheel pot<\/b>: a small rotating potentiometer meant to be adjusted infrequently by means of a small thumbwheel<\/li>\n<li><b>trimpot<\/b> or <b>trimmer pot<\/b>: a <a title=\"Trimmer (electronics)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trimmer_(electronics)\">trimmer<\/a> potentiometer typically meant to be adjusted once or infrequently for &#8220;fine-tuning&#8221; an electrical signal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Construction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Construction<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Potentiometer_cutaway_drawing.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Potentiometer_cutaway_drawing.png\/290px-Potentiometer_cutaway_drawing.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c9\/Potentiometer_cutaway_drawing.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"240\" data-file-width=\"342\" data-file-height=\"283\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Drawing of potentiometer with case cut away, showing parts: (<i>A<\/i>) shaft, (<i>B<\/i>) stationary carbon composition resistance element, (<i>C<\/i>) phosphor bronze wiper, (<i>D<\/i>) shaft attached to wiper, (<i>E, G<\/i>) terminals connected to ends of resistance element, (<i>F<\/i>) terminal connected to wiper. A mechanical stop (<i>H<\/i>) prevents rotation past end points.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed,_oblique_view.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed%2C_oblique_view.jpg\/220px-Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed%2C_oblique_view.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed%2C_oblique_view.jpg\/330px-Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed%2C_oblique_view.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed%2C_oblique_view.jpg\/440px-Single-turn_potentiometer_with_internals_exposed%2C_oblique_view.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" data-file-width=\"2400\" data-file-height=\"1920\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Single-turn potentiometer with metal casing removed to expose wiper contacts and resistive track<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Potentiometers consist of a <a title=\"Electrical resistivity and conductivity\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity\">resistive element<\/a>, a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element, making good electrical contact with one part of it, electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper.<\/p>\n<p>See drawing. Many inexpensive potentiometers are constructed with a resistive element <i>(B)<\/i> formed into an arc of a circle usually a little less than a full turn and a wiper <i>(C)<\/i> sliding on this element when rotated, making electrical contact. The resistive element can be flat or angled. Each end of the resistive element is connected to a terminal <i>(E, G)<\/i> on the case. The wiper is connected to a third terminal <i>(F)<\/i>, usually between the other two. On panel potentiometers, the wiper is usually the center terminal of three. For single-turn potentiometers, this wiper typically travels just under one revolution around the contact. The only point of ingress for contamination is the narrow space between the shaft and the housing it rotates in.<\/p>\n<p>Another type is the linear slider potentiometer, which has a wiper which slides along a linear element instead of rotating. Contamination can potentially enter anywhere along the slot the slider moves in, making effective sealing more difficult and compromising long-term reliability. An advantage of the slider potentiometer is that the slider position gives a visual indication of its setting. While the setting of a rotary potentiometer can be seen by the position of a marking on the knob, an array of sliders can give a visual impression of, for example, the effect of a multi-band <a title=\"Equalization (audio)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equalization_(audio)\">equalizer<\/a> (hence the term &#8220;graphic equalizer&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>The resistive element of inexpensive potentiometers is often made of <a title=\"Graphite\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphite\">graphite<\/a>. Other materials used include resistance wire, carbon particles in plastic, and a ceramic\/metal mixture called <a title=\"Cermet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cermet\">cermet<\/a>. Conductive track potentiometers use conductive polymer resistor pastes that contain hard-wearing resins and polymers, solvents, and lubricant, in addition to the carbon that provides the conductive properties.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg\/220px-12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg\/330px-12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg\/440px-12_board_mounted_potentiometers.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"138\" data-file-width=\"2400\" data-file-height=\"1500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>PCB mount <a title=\"Trimmer (electronics)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trimmer_(electronics)\">trimmer<\/a> potentiometers, or &#8220;trimpots&#8221;, intended for infrequent adjustment<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pre-Set_Potentiometer.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Pre-Set_Potentiometer.png\/110px-Pre-Set_Potentiometer.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ae\/Pre-Set_Potentiometer.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"110\" height=\"48\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"56\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Electronic symbol for pre-set potentiometer<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Others are enclosed within the equipment and are intended to be adjusted to calibrate equipment during manufacture or repair, and not otherwise touched. They are usually physically much smaller than user-accessible potentiometers, and may need to be operated by a screwdriver rather than having a knob. They are usually called &#8220;preset potentiometers&#8221; or &#8220;trim[ming] pots&#8221;. Some presets are accessible by a small screwdriver poked through a hole in the case to allow servicing without dismantling.<\/p>\n<p>Multiturn potentiometers are also operated by rotating a shaft, but by several turns rather than less than a full turn. Some multiturn potentiometers have a linear resistive element with a sliding contact moved by a lead screw; others have a <a title=\"Helix\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helix\">helical<\/a> resistive element and a wiper that turns through 10, 20, or more complete revolutions, moving along the helix as it rotates. Multiturn potentiometers, both user-accessible and preset, allow finer adjustments; rotation through the same angle changes the setting by typically a tenth as much as for a simple rotary potentiometer.<\/p>\n<p>A <a title=\"String potentiometer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/String_potentiometer\">string potentiometer<\/a> is a multi-turn potentiometer operated by an attached reel of wire turning against a spring, enabling it to convert linear position to a variable resistance.<\/p>\n<p>User-accessible rotary potentiometers can be fitted with a switch which operates usually at the anti-clockwise extreme of rotation. Before digital electronics became the norm such a component was used to allow radio and television receivers and other equipment to be switched on at minimum volume with an audible click, then the volume increased, by turning a knob. Multiple resistance elements can be ganged together with their sliding contacts on the same shaft, for example, in stereo audio amplifiers for volume control. In other applications, such as domestic light <a title=\"Dimmer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimmer\">dimmers<\/a>, the normal usage pattern is best satisfied if the potentiometer remains set at its current position, so the switch is operated by a push action, alternately on and off, by axial presses of the knob.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Resistance.E2.80.93position_relationship:_.22taper.22\"><\/span><span id=\"Resistance\u2013position_relationship:_&quot;taper&quot;\" class=\"mw-headline\">Resistance\u2013position relationship: &#8220;taper&#8221;<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pots_10k_100k.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/92\/Pots_10k_100k.jpg\/170px-Pots_10k_100k.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/92\/Pots_10k_100k.jpg\/255px-Pots_10k_100k.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/92\/Pots_10k_100k.jpg\/340px-Pots_10k_100k.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"242\" data-file-width=\"932\" data-file-height=\"1328\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Size scaled 10k and 100k pots that combine traditional mountings and knob shafts with newer and smaller electrical assemblies. Note the &#8220;B&#8221; designating a linear taper.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The relationship between slider position and resistance, known as the &#8220;taper&#8221; or &#8220;law&#8221;, is controlled by the manufacturer. In principle any relationship is possible, but for most purposes <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Linear\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linear\">linear<\/a> or <a title=\"Logarithm\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logarithm\">logarithmic<\/a> (aka &#8220;audio taper&#8221;) potentiometers are sufficient.<\/p>\n<p>A letter code may be used to identify which taper is used, but the letter code definitions are not standardized. Potentiometers made in Asia and the USA are usually marked with an &#8220;A&#8221; for logarithmic taper or a &#8220;B&#8221; for linear taper; &#8220;C&#8221; for the rarely seen reverse logarithmic taper. Others, particularly those from Europe, may be marked with an &#8220;A&#8221; for linear taper, a &#8220;C&#8221; or &#8220;B&#8221; for logarithmic taper, or an &#8220;F&#8221; for reverse logarithmic taper.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The code used also varies between different manufacturers. When a percentage is referenced with a non-linear taper, it relates to the resistance value at the midpoint of the shaft rotation. A 10% log taper would therefore measure 10% of the total resistance at the midpoint of the rotation; i.e. 10% log taper on a 10\u00a0kOhm potentiometer would yield 1\u00a0kOhm at the midpoint. The higher the percentage, the steeper the log curve.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Linear_taper_potentiometer\" class=\"mw-headline\">Linear taper potentiometer<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A <i>linear taper potentiometer<\/i> (<i>linear<\/i> describes the electrical characteristic of the device, not the geometry of the resistive element) has a resistive element of constant cross-section, resulting in a device where the resistance between the contact (wiper) and one end terminal is <a title=\"Proportionality (mathematics)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proportionality_(mathematics)\">proportional<\/a> to the distance between them. Linear taper potentiometers<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> are used when the division ratio of the potentiometer must be proportional to the angle of shaft rotation (or slider position), for example, controls used for adjusting the centering of the display on an analog cathode-ray <a title=\"Oscilloscope\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oscilloscope\">oscilloscope<\/a>. Precision potentiometers have an accurate relationship between resistance and slider position.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Logarithmic_potentiometer\" class=\"mw-headline\">Logarithmic potentiometer<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A <i>logarithmic taper potentiometer<\/i> is a potentiometer that has a bias built into the resistive element. Basically this means the center position of the potentiometer is not one half of the total value of the potentiometer. The resistive element is designed to follow a logarithmic taper, aka a mathematical exponent or &#8220;squared&#8221; profile. A logarithmic taper potentiometer is constructed with a resistive element that either &#8220;tapers&#8221; in from one end to the other, or is made from a material whose resistivity varies from one end to the other. This results in a device where output voltage is a logarithmic function of the slider position.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Most (cheaper) &#8220;log&#8221; potentiometers are not accurately logarithmic, but use two regions of different resistance (but constant resistivity) to approximate a logarithmic law. The two resistive tracks overlap at approximately 50% of the potentiometer rotation; this gives a stepwise logarithmic taper.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> A logarithmic potentiometer can also be simulated (not very accurately) with a linear one and an external resistor. True logarithmic potentiometers are significantly more expensive.<\/p>\n<p>Logarithmic taper potentiometers are often used in connection with audio amplifiers, as human perception of audio volume is <a title=\"Weber\u2013Fechner law\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weber%E2%80%93Fechner_law\">logarithmic<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Rheostat\" class=\"mw-headline\">Rheostat<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">See also: <a title=\"Liquid rheostat\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquid_rheostat\">Liquid rheostat<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png\/220px-Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png\/330px-Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png\/440px-Wheatstone_Rheostat_1.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"210\" data-file-width=\"495\" data-file-height=\"473\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p><a title=\"Charles Wheatstone\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Wheatstone\">Charles Wheatstone<\/a>&#8216;s 1843 rheostat with a metal and a wooden cylinder<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png\/220px-Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png\/330px-Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png\/440px-Wheatstone_Rheostat_2.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"116\" data-file-width=\"809\" data-file-height=\"428\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Charles Wheatstone&#8217;s 1843 rheostat with a moving whisker<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The most common way to vary the resistance in a circuit is to use a <b>rheostat<\/b>. The word <i>rheostat<\/i> was coined about 1845 by Sir <a title=\"Charles Wheatstone\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Wheatstone\">Charles Wheatstone<\/a>, from the Greek <span lang=\"grc\" title=\"Ancient Greek language text\">\u1fe5\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> <i>rheos<\/i> meaning &#8220;stream&#8221;, and &#8211;<span lang=\"grc\" title=\"Ancient Greek language text\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> &#8211;<i>states<\/i> (from <span lang=\"grc\" title=\"Ancient Greek language text\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> <i>histanai<\/i>, &#8221; to set, to cause to stand&#8221;) meaning &#8220;setter, regulating device&#8221;,<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> which is a two-terminal variable resistor. The term &#8220;rheostat&#8221; is becoming obsolete,<sup id=\"cite_ref-From_Rheostat_to_Potentiometer_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-From_Rheostat_to_Potentiometer-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> with the general term &#8220;potentiometer&#8221; replacing it. For low-power applications (less than about 1 watt) a three-terminal potentiometer is often used, with one terminal unconnected or connected to the wiper.<\/p>\n<p>Where the rheostat must be rated for higher power (more than about 1 watt), it may be built with a resistance wire wound around a semicircular insulator, with the wiper sliding from one turn of the wire to the next. Sometimes a rheostat is made from resistance wire wound on a heat-resisting cylinder, with the slider made from a number of metal fingers that grip lightly onto a small portion of the turns of resistance wire. The &#8220;fingers&#8221; can be moved along the coil of resistance wire by a sliding knob thus changing the &#8220;tapping&#8221; point. Wire-wound rheostats made with ratings up to several thousand watts are used in applications such as DC motor drives, electric welding controls, or in the controls for generators. The rating of the rheostat is given with the full resistance value and the allowable power dissipation is proportional to the fraction of the total device resistance in circuit.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional\">\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:RheostatSymbol.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/RheostatSymbol.png\/120px-RheostatSymbol.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/40\/RheostatSymbol.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"57\" data-file-width=\"127\" data-file-height=\"60\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Electronic symbol for rheostat<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:PreSetRheostatSymbol.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/33\/PreSetRheostatSymbol.png\/120px-PreSetRheostatSymbol.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/33\/PreSetRheostatSymbol.png\/180px-PreSetRheostatSymbol.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/33\/PreSetRheostatSymbol.png\/240px-PreSetRheostatSymbol.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"41\" data-file-width=\"540\" data-file-height=\"186\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Electronic symbol for pre-set rheostat<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pot1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Pot1.jpg\/120px-Pot1.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Pot1.jpg\/180px-Pot1.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Pot1.jpg\/240px-Pot1.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"90\" data-file-width=\"2272\" data-file-height=\"1704\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>A high-power wirewound potentiometer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Digital_potentiometer\" class=\"mw-headline\">Digital potentiometer<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a title=\"Digital potentiometer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_potentiometer\">Digital potentiometer<\/a><\/div>\n<p>A digital potentiometer (often called digipot) is an electronic component that mimics the functions of analog potentiometers. Through digital input signals, the resistance between two terminals can be adjusted, just as in an analog potentiometer. There are two main functional types: volatile, which lose their set position if power is removed, and are usually designed to initialise at the minimum position, and non-volatile, which retain their set position using a storage mechanism similar to <a title=\"Flash memory\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flash_memory\">flash memory<\/a> or <a title=\"EEPROM\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EEPROM\">EEPROM<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Usage of a digipot is far more complex than that of a simple mechanical potentiometer, and there are many limitations to observe; nevertheless they are widely used, often for factory adjustment and calibration of equipment, especially where the limitations of mechanical potentiometers are problematic. A digipot is generally immune to the effects of moderate long-term mechanical vibration or environmental contamination, to the same extent as other semiconductor devices, and can be secured electronically against unauthorised tampering by protecting the access to its programming inputs by various means.<\/p>\n<p>In equipment which has a <a title=\"Microprocessor\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microprocessor\">microprocessor<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"FPGA\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FPGA\">FPGA<\/a> or other functional logic which can store settings and reload them to the &#8220;potentiometer&#8221; every time the equipment is powered up, a multiplying <a title=\"Digital-to-analog converter\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital-to-analog_converter\">DAC<\/a> can be used in place of a digipot, and this can offer higher setting resolution, less drift with temperature, and more operational flexibility.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Membrane_potentiometers\" class=\"mw-headline\">Membrane potentiometers<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A membrane potentiometer uses a conductive membrane that is deformed by a sliding element to contact a resistor voltage divider. Linearity can range from 0.5% to 5% depending on the material, design and manufacturing process. The repeat accuracy is typically between 0.1\u00a0mm and 1.0\u00a0mm with a theoretically infinite resolution. The service life of these types of potentiometers is typically 1 million to 20 million cycles depending on the materials used during manufacturing and the actuation method; contact and contactless (magnetic) methods are available (to sense position). Many different material variations are available such as <a title=\"Polyethylene terephthalate\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polyethylene_terephthalate\">PET<\/a>, FR4, and Kapton. Membrane potentiometer manufacturers offer linear, rotary, and application-specific variations. The linear versions can range from 9\u00a0mm to 1000\u00a0mm in length and the rotary versions range from 0\u00b0 to multiple full turns, with each having a height of 0.5\u00a0mm. Membrane potentiometers can be used for position sensing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potentiometer#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>For touch-screen devices using resistive technology, a two-dimensional membrane potentiometer provides x and y coordinates. The top layer is thin glass spaced close to a neighboring inner layer. The underside of the top layer has a transparent conductive coating; the surface of the layer beneath it has a transparent resistive coating. A finger or stylus deforms the glass to contact the underlying layer. Edges of the resistive layer have conductive contacts. Locating the contact point is done by applying a voltage to opposite edges, leaving the other two edges temporarily unconnected. The voltage of the top layer provides one coordinate. Disconnecting those two edges, and applying voltage to the other two, formerly unconnected, provides the other coordinate. Alternating rapidly between pairs of edges provides frequent position updates. An analog-to digital converter provides output data.<\/p>\n<p>Advantages of such sensors are that only five connections to the sensor are needed, and the associated electronics is comparatively simple. Another is that any material that depresses the top layer over a small area works well. A disadvantage is that sufficient force must be applied to make contact. Another is that the sensor requires occasional calibration to match touch location to the underlying display. (Capacitive sensors require no calibration or contact force, only proximity of a finger or other conductive object. However, they are significantly more complex.)<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Applications\" class=\"mw-headline\">Applications<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant amounts of power (more than a watt or so). Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (for example<a title=\"Loudness\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loudness\">volume<\/a> controls on <a title=\"Audio equipment\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audio_equipment\">audio equipment<\/a>), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light <a title=\"Dimmer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimmer\">dimmer<\/a> uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a <a title=\"TRIAC\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRIAC\">TRIAC<\/a> and so indirectly to control the brightness of lamps.<\/p>\n<p>Preset potentiometers are widely used throughout electronics wherever adjustments must be made during manufacturing or servicing.<\/p>\n<p>User-actuated potentiometers are widely used as user controls, and may control a very wide variety of equipment functions. The widespread use of potentiometers in consumer electronics declined in the 1990s, with <a title=\"Rotary encoder\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_encoder\">rotary encoders<\/a>, up\/down <a title=\"Push-button\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Push-button\">push-buttons<\/a>, and other digital controls now more common. However they remain in many applications, such as volume controls and as position sensors.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Audio_control\" class=\"mw-headline\">Audio control<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faders.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Faders.jpg\/220px-Faders.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Faders.jpg\/330px-Faders.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Faders.jpg\/440px-Faders.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"161\" data-file-width=\"1778\" data-file-height=\"1302\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Linear potentiometers (<a title=\"Fade (audio engineering)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fade_(audio_engineering)#Fader\">faders<\/a>)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Low-power potentiometers, both linear and rotary, are used to control audio equipment, changing loudness, frequency attenuation, and other characteristics of audio signals.<\/p>\n<p>The &#8216;log pot&#8217; is used as the volume control in <a title=\"Audio power amplifier\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audio_power_amplifier\">audio power amplifiers<\/a>, where it is also called an &#8220;audio taper pot&#8221;, because the <a title=\"Amplitude\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amplitude\">amplitude<\/a>response of the human <a title=\"Ear\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ear\">ear<\/a> is approximately logarithmic. It ensures that on a volume control marked 0 to 10, for example, a setting of 5 sounds subjectively half as loud as a setting of 10. There is also an <i>anti-log pot<\/i> or <i>reverse audio taper<\/i> which is simply the reverse of a logarithmic potentiometer. It is almost always used in a ganged configuration with a logarithmic potentiometer, for instance, in an audio balance control.<\/p>\n<p>Potentiometers used in combination with filter networks act as <a title=\"Tone control circuit\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tone_control_circuit\">tone controls<\/a> or <a title=\"Equalization (audio)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equalization_(audio)\">equalizers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Television\" class=\"mw-headline\">Television<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Potentiometers were formerly used to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response. A potentiometer was often used to adjust &#8220;vertical hold&#8221;, which affected the synchronization between the receiver&#8217;s internal sweep circuit (sometimes a <a title=\"Multivibrator\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multivibrator\">multivibrator<\/a>) and the received picture signal, along with other things such as audio-video carrier offset, tuning frequency (for push-button sets) and so on.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Motion_control\" class=\"mw-headline\">Motion control<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Potentiometers can be used as position feedback devices in order to create &#8220;closed loop&#8221; control, such as in a <a title=\"Servomechanism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Servomechanism\">servomechanism<\/a>. This method of motion control used in the DC Motor is the simplest method of measuring the angle, speed and displacement.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Transducers\" class=\"mw-headline\">Transducers<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Potentiometers are also very widely used as a part of <a title=\"Displacement (vector)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Displacement_(vector)\">displacement<\/a> <a title=\"Transducer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transducer\">transducers<\/a> because of the simplicity of construction and because they can give a large output signal.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Computation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Computation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In <a title=\"Analog computer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analog_computer\">analog computers<\/a>, high precision potentiometers are used to scale intermediate results by desired constant factors, or to set <a title=\"Initial condition\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_condition\">initial conditions<\/a> for a calculation. A motor-driven potentiometer may be used as a <a title=\"Function generator\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Function_generator\">function generator<\/a>, using a non-linear resistance card to supply approximations to trigonometric functions. For example, the shaft rotation might represent an angle, and the voltage division ratio can be made proportional to the cosine of the angle.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Theory_of_operation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Theory of operation<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Potentiometer_with_load.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Potentiometer_with_load.svg\/474px-Potentiometer_with_load.svg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"177\" data-file-width=\"474\" data-file-height=\"177\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">A potentiometer with a resistive load, showing equivalent fixed resistors for clarity.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The potentiometer can be used as a <a title=\"Voltage divider\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltage_divider\">voltage divider<\/a> to obtain a manually adjustable output voltage at the slider (wiper) from a fixed input voltage applied across the two ends of the potentiometer. This is their most common use.<\/p>\n<p>The voltage across <span class=\"texhtml\"><i>R<\/i><sub>L<\/sub><\/span> can be calculated by:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle V_{\\mathrm {L} }={R_{2}R_{\\mathrm {L} } \\over R_{1}R_{\\mathrm {L} }+R_{2}R_{\\mathrm {L} }+R_{1}R_{2}}\\cdot V_{s}.}<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/41b01526bcb9dce63743a94c1241126e01384370\" alt=\"V_{{\\mathrm  {L}}}={R_{2}R_{{\\mathrm  {L}}} \\over R_{1}R_{{\\mathrm  {L}}}+R_{2}R_{{\\mathrm  {L}}}+R_{1}R_{2}}\\cdot V_{s}.\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>If <span class=\"texhtml\"><i>R<\/i><sub>L<\/sub><\/span> is large compared to the other resistances (like the input to an <a title=\"Operational amplifier\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operational_amplifier\">operational amplifier<\/a>), the output voltage can be approximated by the simpler equation:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle V_{\\mathrm {L} }={R_{2} \\over R_{1}+R_{2}}\\cdot V_{s}.}<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/7c050fd7da3ce4ac096b05ece217c84ee179aaa3\" alt=\"V_{{\\mathrm  {L}}}={R_{2} \\over R_{1}+R_{2}}\\cdot V_{s}.\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>(dividing throughout by <span class=\"texhtml\"><i>R<\/i><sub>L<\/sub><\/span> and cancelling terms with <span class=\"texhtml\"><i>R<\/i><sub>L<\/sub><\/span> as denominator)<\/p>\n<p>As an example, assume<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle V_{\\mathrm {S} }=10\\ \\mathrm {V} }<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/d258fb0b5aec100937e62205aa17cdc8388571f7\" alt=\"V_{{\\mathrm  {S}}}=10\\ {\\mathrm  {V}}\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span>, <span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle R_{1}=1\\ \\mathrm {k\\Omega } }<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/2e75643e16161297533fbeda0b9df0bc1817a14a\" alt=\"R_{1}=1\\ {\\mathrm  {k\\Omega }}\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span>, <span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle R_{2}=2\\ \\mathrm {k\\Omega } }<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c773fd23992f74959f3623eb8f3eca721a8989a7\" alt=\"R_{2}=2\\ {\\mathrm  {k\\Omega }}\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span>, and <span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle R_{\\mathrm {L} }=100\\ \\mathrm {k\\Omega } .}<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c8c72af15c6de7701f0202831554e91f7e48f8d2\" alt=\"R_{{\\mathrm  {L}}}=100\\ {\\mathrm  {k\\Omega }}.\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Since the load resistance is large compared to the other resistances, the output voltage <span class=\"texhtml\"><i>V<\/i><sub>L<\/sub><\/span> will be approximately:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\">{\\displaystyle {2\\ \\mathrm {k\\Omega } \\over 1\\ \\mathrm {k\\Omega } +2\\ \\mathrm {k\\Omega } }\\cdot 10\\ \\mathrm {V} ={2 \\over 3}\\cdot 10\\ \\mathrm {V} \\approx 6.667\\ \\mathrm {V} .}<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/a6735168ce41c08664925c092d996dbf6e63102a\" alt=\"{2\\ {\\mathrm  {k\\Omega }} \\over 1\\ {\\mathrm  {k\\Omega }}+2\\ {\\mathrm  {k\\Omega }}}\\cdot 10\\ {\\mathrm  {V}}={2 \\over 3}\\cdot 10\\ {\\mathrm  {V}}\\approx 6.667\\ {\\mathrm  {V}}.\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Due to the load resistance, however, it will actually be slightly lower: <span class=\"texhtml\">\u2248 6.623 <i>V<\/i><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>One of the advantages of the potential divider compared to a variable resistor in series with the source is that, while variable resistors have a maximum resistance where some<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Current (electricity)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Current_(electricity)\">current<\/a> will always flow, dividers are able to vary the output voltage from maximum (<span class=\"texhtml\"><i>V<\/i><sub>S<\/sub><\/span>) to <a title=\"Ground (electricity)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ground_(electricity)\">ground<\/a> (zero volts) as the wiper moves from one end of the potentiometer to the other. There is, however, always a small amount of <a title=\"Contact resistance\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contact_resistance\">contact resistance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the load resistance is often not known and therefore simply placing a variable resistor in series with the load could have a negligible effect or an excessive effect, depending on the load.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A\u00a0potentiometer\u00a0is a three-terminal\u00a0resistor\u00a0with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable\u00a0voltage divider.[1]\u00a0If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a\u00a0variable resistor\u00a0or\u00a0rheostat. The measuring instrument called a\u00a0potentiometer\u00a0is essentially a\u00a0voltage divider\u00a0used for measuring\u00a0electric potential\u00a0(voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name. Potentiometers are commonly used [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-133","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=133"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133\/revisions\/135"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tis-eg.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}